Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is known to relapse after surgery. No factors to predict or prevent recurrence are known with certainty. This study investigated surgical outcome, potential influencing factors, and reoperation rate in patients with IXT. Medical records of 537 patients who underwent surgery for IXT from 2000 to 2022 with preoperative angles of exodeviation of 6 to 50 prism diopters (PD) were retrospectively studied. Multivariate regression analyses of factors influencing surgical outcome on postoperative day 1 (POD1) and reoperation rate were performed. A Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to illustrate the reoperation rate. After the first surgery, 83.8% of patients had a successful surgical outcome on POD1 (esodeviation ≤ 5 PD or exodeviation ≤ 10 PD). Logistic regression analysis revealed that small preoperative angles of exodeviation increased the probability for surgical success. Follow-up data at different times (4 days–20 years) after surgery were available for 176 patients: 40 patients were still in the range of surgical success, 133 patients had exotropia > 10 PD. Of the follow-up patients, 65 (12.1%) underwent reoperation. A total of 8.5% had their reoperation within one year after the first surgery, 52.9% within five years. Cox regression analysis revealed that large preoperative angles of exodeviation, far/near incomitance and alphabet pattern strabismus increased the risk of reoperation. Most patients achieved surgical success on POD1, yet the squint angles often increased after surgery, resulting in reoperation in some patients. Prospective studies are needed for a better assessment of pre-, peri- and postoperative factors for surgical success in IXT.